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Tenzin Gyatso (b. July 6 1935) is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama, and as such, is often referred to in Western media simply as the Dalai Lama, without any qualifiers. The fifth of sixteen children of a farming family in the Tibetan province of Amdo, he was proclaimed the tulku (rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of five."Year by Year 1940" -- History Channel International On November 17 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler, while Tibet faced occupation by the forces of the People's Republic of China.
After the collapse of the Tibetan resistance movement in 1959, Tenzin Gyatso fled to India, where he was active in establishing the Central Tibetan Administration (the Tibetan government in exile) and seeking to preserve Tibetan culture and education among the thousands of refugees who accompanied him.
A charismatic figure and noted public speaker, Tenzin Gyatso is the first Dalai Lama to travel to the West, where he has helped to spread Buddhism and to publicise the ideal of Free Tibet. In 1989, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Early life
Gyatso was born to a Mongour farming family as Lhamo Thondup (; also spelled "Dhondrub") on 6 July 1935 in far northeastern Amdo province in the village of Taktser, a small and poor settlement that stood on a hill overlooking a broad valley. His parents, Choekyong and Diki Tsering, were moderately wealthy farmers among about twenty other families, some ethnic Han Chinese, making a precarious living off the land raising barley, buckwheat, and potatoes. He was the fifth surviving child of nine children, the eldest child being his sister Tsering Dolma, who was sixteen years older than he.. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, has been recognised as the rebirth of the high lama, Takser Rinpoche. His sister Jetsun Pema went on to depict their mother in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet. His other elder brothers are Gyalo Thondup and Lobsang Samten. When the Dalai Lama was about two years old, a search party was sent out to find the new incarnation of the Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head on the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama (originally facing south) had mysteriously turned to face the northeast, indicating the direction in which the next Dalai Lama would be found. Shortly afterwards, the Regent Reting Rinpoche had a vision indicating Amdo (as the place to search) and a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling.. After extensive searching, they found that Thondup's house resembled that in Reting's vision. They thus presented Thondup with various relics and toys — some had belonged to the previous Dalai Lama while others hadn't. Thondup correctly identified all items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, stating "It's mine! It's mine!"
Thondup was recognised as the rebirth of the Dalai Lama and renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso ("Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom"). Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yeshe Norbu ("Wish-Fulfilling Gem") or just Kundun ("the Presence"). In the West he is often called by followers "His Holiness the Dalai Lama", which is the style that the Dalai Lama himself uses on his website. Tenzin Gyatso began his monastic education at the age of six. At age twenty-five, he sat for his final examination in Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival in 1959. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree (roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy).
Life as Dalai Lama
As well as being one of the most influential spiritual leaders of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama traditionally claims to be Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler. At the age of fifteen, faced with possible conflict with the People's Republic of China, Tenzin Gyatso was on November 17 1950, enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet; however, he was only able to govern for a brief time. In October of that year, an army of the People's Republic of China entered the territory controlled by the Tibetan administration, easily breaking through the Tibetan defenders.
The People's Liberation Army stopped short of the old border between Tibet and Xikang and demanded negotiations. The Dalai Lama sent a delegation to Beijing, and, although he has rejected the subsequent Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, he did try to work with the Chinese government until 1959. During that year, there was a major uprising among the Tibetan population. In the tense political environment that ensued, the Dalai Lama and his entourage began to suspect that China was planning to kill him. Consequently, he fled to Dharamsala, India, on March 17 of that year, entering India on March 31 during the Tibetan uprising.
Exile in India
The Dalai Lama met with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, to urge India to pressure China into giving Tibet an autonomous government when relations with China were not proving successful. Nehru did not want to increase tensions between China and India, so he encouraged the Dalai Lama to work on the Seventeen Point Agreement Tibet had with China. Eventually in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up the government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa".
After the founding of the exiled government, he rehabilitated the Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children what he believed to be traditional language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959, and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet, which resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965. These resolutions required China to respect the human rights of Tibetans and their desire for self-determination.
In 1963, he promulgated a supposed democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A Tibetan parliament-in-exile is elected by the Tibetan refugees scattered all over the world, and the Tibetan Goverment in Exile is likewise elected by the Tibetan parliament.
At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., he proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan regarding the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a "zone of peace" and for the end of movement by ethnic Chinese into Tibet. It also called for "respect for fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms" and "the end of China's use of Tibet for nuclear weapons production, testing, and disposal." Finally, it urged "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.
He proposed a similar plan at Strasbourg, France, on 15 June 1988. He expanded on the Five-Point Peace Plan and proposed the creation of a self-governing democratic Tibet, "in association with the People's Republic of China". This plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991.
In October 1991, he expressed his wish to return to Tibet to try to form a mutual assessment on the situation with the Chinese local government. At this time he feared that a violent uprising would take place and wished to avoid it.
On July 5 2005, the Dalai Lama called on the G8 leaders meeting the next day to ease the plight of the millions starving throughout the world, during a meeting with the rock singer Annie Lennox. He said the meeting had "positive potential". [1]
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on July 6, 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church said, "I confess that the Russian Orthodox Church highly appreciates the good relations it has with the followers of Buddhism and hopes for their further development" [2]. President Chen Shui-bian of the Republic of China attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday that was entitled "Traveling with Love and Wisdom for 70 Years" at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. The President invited him to return to Taiwan for a third trip in 2005. His previous trips were in 2001, and 1997. [3]
The Dalai Lama wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China sets no preconditions for the return, which they have refused to do [4]. On July 5 2005, the People's Republic of China refused his request to return to Tibet on his birthday, despite worries that if he dies in exile it may spark an uprising against the local government in Tibet and neighboring areas. [5]
Foreign relations
Since 1967, the Dalai Lama has initiated a series of tours in forty-six nations. He met with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. Later on, he met with Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990 and 2003. In 2006, he met privately with Pope Benedict XVI. He has also met the Archbishop of Canterbury, the late Dr. Robert Runcie, and with other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. Finally, he has met Jewish and senior Catholic officials.
Social and political stances
The present Dalai Lama is held in almost universal high regard among Tibetan Buddhists. However, his views regarding controversial social issues and other matters are not necessarily shared by all Tibetan Buddhist lamas, and do not represent a binding dogma on all Tibetan Buddhist practitioners.
Tibetan independence movement
Having little choice but to work with the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China and while ostensibly working with the Chinese, the Dalai Lama is believed to have supported the creation of the Tibetan resistance movement. His brothers moved to Kalimpong in India and, with the help of the Indian and American governments, organised propaganda against China and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham in 1956 and later spread to Central Tibet. However, the movement was a failure and forced to retreat to Nepal and/or go underground. Following normalisation of relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, American support was cut off in the early 1970s. The Dalai Lama then began to change his policy towards a peaceful solution in which he would be reinstated in a democratic autonomous Tibet.
Global social stances
The Dalai Lama endorsed the founding of the Dalai Lama Foundation in order to promote peace and ethics worldwide. The Dalai Lama is not believed to be directly involved with this foundation. [6] He has also stated his belief that modern scientific findings take precedence over ancient religions. [7]
He is reported to have said regarding homosexuality, "If the two people have taken no vows [of chastity], and neither is harmed, why should it not be acceptable?" He has repeatedly affirmed his belief that gays and lesbians should be accepted by society, although he has also stated that for Buddhists homosexual behaviour is considered sexual misconduct, meaning that homosexual sex is acceptable for society in general but not in Buddhism or for Buddhists. [8] As he explains in his book Beyond Dogma: "homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact."
The Dalai Lama is generally opposed to abortion [9], although he has taken a nuanced position, as he explained to the New York Times:
- Of course, abortion, from a Buddhist viewpoint, is an act of killing and is negative, generally speaking. But it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance.[10]
— The Dalai Lama, New York Times, 28 November 1993
He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems:
- On the global level, I think the ecology problem is very serious. I hear about some states taking it very seriously. That's wonderful! So this blue planet is our only home, if something goes wrong at the present generation, then the future generations really face a lot of problems, and those problems will be beyond human control; so that's very serious. Ecology should be part of our daily life.
- — The Dalai Lama, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 19 September 2006 [11]
Criticism
In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960's from the U.S. Government through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[12], and also trained a resistance movement in Colorado (USA). [13] When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organization did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."[14]
British journalist Christopher Hitchens wrote a scathing criticism [15] of the Dalai Lama in 1998, which questioned his alleged support for India's nuclear weapons testing, the "selling of indulgences" to Hollywood celebrities like Richard Gere, and his statements condoning prostitution.
The Dalai Lama is sometimes criticized for modifying his message to be as palatable as possible to his audience, sometimes changing viewpoints according to the situation. He is also sometimes reproached for taking one side of an issue at one time and changing it later on, usually in response to criticism. This tendency has led opposing sides of an issue to believe that the Dalai Lama supports their cause, e.g. homosexuality[16], abortion, the Iraq war, Kashmiri independence, nuclear weapons, etc. However this may be because of his policy of trying to keep harmony between different groups.
There has also been criticism that feudal Tibet was not as benevolent as the Dalai Lama had portrayed. [17] Critics have suggested that in addition to serfdom there were conditions that effectively constituted slavery. [18] Also the penal code included forms of corporal punishment, in addition to capital punishment. [19] In response, the Dalai Lama has since condemned some of ancient Tibet's feudal practices and has added that he was willing to institute reforms before the Chinese invaded. However, Marxist historian Michael Parenti believes there was a connection between Dalai Lama's 1959 fleeing Tibet and the then PRC Central Government's decision to gradually phase out serfdom in Tibet [20].
International influence
The Dalai Lama speaks English as a second language and has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for Tibetan self-determination, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actor Richard Gere, as well as lawmakers from several major countries.
Tenzin Gyatso has on occasion been denounced by the Chinese government as a supporter of Tibetan independence. Over time, he has developed a public position stating that he is not in favour of Tibetan independence[21] and would not object to a status in which Tibet has internal autonomy while the PRC manages some aspects of Tibet's defense and foreign affairs. In his 'Middle Way Approach', he laid down that the Chinese government can take care of foreign affairs and defense[22], and that Tibet should be managed by an elected body.
There have been intermittent and quiet negotiations between the Tibetan government in exile and the government of the People's Republic of China. These days, the Dalai Lama wishes to discuss the issue of the status of Tibet within China, while the Chinese government has insisted that negotiations be limited to the conditions of the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet.
On April 18 2005, TIME Magazine placed Tenzin Gyatso on its list of the world's 100 most influential people.
On June 22 2006, the Parliament of Canada voted unanimously to make Tenzin Gyatso an honorary citizen of Canada. This marks the third time in history that the Government of Canada has bestowed this honour, the others being Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985 and Nelson Mandela in 2001.
In September 2006, the United States congress awarded the Dalai Lama the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. The decoration is awarded to any individual who performs an outstanding deed or act of service to the security, prosperity, and national interest of the United States of America. Previous winners include Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Writings of the Dalai Lama
- The Art of Happiness, coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 0-9656682-9-0
- The Art of Happiness at Work, coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 1-59448-054-0
- Ethics for the New Millennium, Riverhead Books, 1999, ISBN 1-57322-883-4
- A Simple Path, ISBN 0-00-713887-3
- How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life, Translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D. ISBN 0-7434-5336-0
- Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990 ISBN 0-349-10462-X
- An Open Heart, edited by Nicholas Vreeland. ISBN 0-316-98979-7
- The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra, coauthored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, ISBN 1-55939-072-7
- The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, ISBN 1-57322-277-1
- Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion, photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso. ISBN 0-8478-1957-4
- The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, ISBN 0-940985-36-5
- Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the new millenium, Abacus Press, 2000, ISBN 0-349114-43-9
- My Tibet, coauthoured with Galen Rowell, ISBN 0-520-08948-0
- The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, Morgan Road Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7679-2066-X
- How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D., Atria Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7432-6968-3
Awards and honors given to the Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career. On June 22, 2006 he became one of only three people ever to be recognized with an Honorary Citizenship by the Canadian House of Commons. On May 28, 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. Perhaps his most notable award was the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on December 10, 1989 (see below).
Some other notable awards and honors he has received:
- Honorary Doctorate of Biology from Third University of Rome, Italy, on October 14, 2006
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from University at Buffalo, The State University of New York on September 19, 2006
- Congressional Gold Medal on September 14, 2006
- Honorary Canadian citizenship on September 9, 2006, joining only two other people to have received this honor.
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Rutgers University on September 25, 2005.
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Nova Southeastern University on September 18, 2004.
- Special Honorary Degree from Simon Fraser University on April 20, 2004.
- Honorary Doctor of Law Degree from the University of British Columbia on April 19, 2004.
- Jaime Brunet Prize for Human Rights on October 9, 2003.
- Hilton Humanitarian Award on September 24, 2003
- International League for Human Rights Award on September 19, 2003.
- Life Achievement Award from Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization on November 24, 1999.
- An honorary degree from Brandeis University on May 8, 1998
- An honorary degree from Emory University on May 11, 1998.
- An honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from Yat-sen University on March 23, 1997.
- Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute on June 4, 1994.
- World Security Annual Peace Award from the New York Lawyer's Alliance on April 27, 1994.
- An honorary Doctorate of Laws degree from Melbourne University on May 5, 1992.
- Peace and Unity Awards from the National Peace conference on August 23, 1991.
- Earth Prize from the United Earth and U.N. Environmental Program on June 5,1991
- Advancing Human Liberty from the Freedom House on April 17, 1991.
- A Doctor of Divinity award from the Central Institute of High Tibetan Studies on January 4, 1990.
- Le Prix De La Memoire from the Foundation Danielle Mitterrand, France on December 4, 1989.
- Raoul Wallenberg Human Rights Awards from the Congressional Rights Caucus Human Rights on July 21, 1989.
- Key to Los Angeles from Mayor Tom Bradley in September 1979.
- Key to San Francisco from Mayor Feinstein on September 27, 1979.
A complete list
Nobel Peace Prize
In 1989 Tenzin Gyatso was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize[23], the chairman of the Nobel committee saying that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." He was officially awarded it because the committee wished to recognize his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence". [24]. He criticised China in his acceptance speech for the use of force against the student protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He stated however that their effort was not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try to resolve the situation. [25]
Films about the Dalai Lama
Among the films that have been recently made about the 14th Dalai Lama are Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet.
Other recent films include:
- Experiencing the Soul - Before Birth During Life After Death (2005)
- What Remains of Us (2004)
- Ethics for the New Millennium (1999)
- In Search of Kundun with Martin Scorsese (1999)
- The Good Heart (1998)
- Compassion In Exile (1993), documentary, directed by Mickey Lemle
- Realizing Oneness in All Humanity - The Dalai Lama
See also
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Dalai Lama
- Tibet
- Dharamsala
- Buddhism
Citations
Full citations of utilised sources are listed under "References".
References
Literary
Internet
External links
bo:བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
bg:Тензин Гѝтѝо
ca:Tenzin Gyatso
cs:Tändzin Gjamccho - 14. dalajlama
da:Tenzin Gyatso
de:Tenzin Gyatso
et:Tenzin Gyatso
es:Tenzin Gyatso
eo:Tenzin Gyatso
fr:Tenzin Gyatso
ko:14대 달라이 라마
id:Tenzin Gyatso
it:Tenzin Gyatso
he:טנזין גיםטסו
nl:Tenzin Gyatso
ja:ダライ・ラマ14世
no:Tenzin Gyatso
pl:Dalajlama XIV
pt:Tenzin Gyatso
ru:Далай-лама XIV
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vi:ĝăng-châu Gia-mục-thố
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